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Maria Magdalena Eek
Maria Magdalena Eek (1733–1800), was a Finnish pastry chef. Based in Turku, she had a successful career and was a notable artist within her trade, eventually being granted a Royal warrant of appointment.
Maria Magdalena Eek was the daughter of the city official Henric Eek. She never married. In 1782, she was given permission from the city authorities to manufacture and sell all forms of bread which was not included in the monopoly of the baker's guild, which in fact meant dessert bread such as cakes.〔Biografiskt lexikon för Finland 1. Svenska tiden (2008).〕 She was given the permission granted to all women outside of the guilds: this entitled her to make and sell only what she had made with hr own hands and only enough for her to support herself, which meant that she could not employ people in her business.〔Biografiskt lexikon för Finland 1. Svenska tiden (2008).〕 She was also never registered as a baker, which makes the dates of her business difficult to trace. Despite these conditions, Eek managed to circumvent the restrictions: she supported not only herself but her sister and foster daughter, bought a house, had several assistants employed (which she referred to as only domestics) and had her pastries sold by sellers all over town.〔Biografiskt lexikon för Finland 1. Svenska tiden (2008).〕 Her successes caused constant lawsuits from the members of the baker's guild during the 1780s.〔Biografiskt lexikon för Finland 1. Svenska tiden (2008).〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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